Who Sang A Change Is Gonna Come
History of Soul Music
This page looks at the vocabulary of Soul Music through its history, people and songs. For other genres see Popular Music Genres.
Soul music is a genre of African American popular music that led to many later genres, from funk and dance music to hip hop and gimmicky R&B. It developed in the USA in the late 1950s from African American church music called "gospel music". After slavery ended in 1865, African Americans weren't welcome in the churches of white Americans, so they built their own churches and sang Christian songs with African-American song styles and rhythms. They sang joyful, upwardly-tempo gospel songs while clapping and moving to the shell, and they sang slower gospel songs that expressed deep feelings like yearning for God's dear. These different styles led to the two master styles of soul music.
Epitome right: Al Green, one of soul music's greatest singers. Photo: Mike Douglas Bear witness / Public Domain
Early Soul Music
The first soul songs were created when gospel songs were changed into secular songs past rewriting the lyrics. Joyful, up-tempo gospel songs became up-tempo soul songs, while slower gospel songs became romantic beloved songs. An example of the up-tempo style is R&B artist Ray Charles' 1954 song I've Got a Woman (Manner Beyond Town), a secular version of the old gospel song I've Got a Savior (Way Across Hashemite kingdom of jordan). Another example is Ray'southward first crossover striking What'd I Say in which he uses a gospel-music telephone call and response to exchange sexy "oohs" and "aahs" with the Raelettes, his female person backing singers. An example of the slower style is former gospel vocalizer James Brown's 1956 song Delight, Please, Please in which he changed a gospel song virtually yearning for God's dearest into a vocal nearly yearning for a daughter's beloved.
Another gospel singer who changed gospel songs into secular songs was Sam Cooke. Sam had joined the gospel group Soul Stirrers as a teenager, merely he was forced to get out the group in 1956 later on recording the song Lovable, a secular version of the group's gospel song Wonderful. His beautiful yet powerful vocalisation tin be heard on his first 1957 crossover striking You Transport Me. The song was so pop that information technology replaced Elvis Presley'south Jailhouse Stone at the top of the pop-music charts. It was the first of most thirty crossover hits he recorded before writing his last and greatest song A Change is Gonna Come up in 1964. The song expressed his yearning for an end to racism, but earlier it was released Sam was murdered in Los Angeles. Even though his life was cut brusk, his success opened the way for many other African American soul singers.
Video: Sam Cooke singing about racism in America in the last song he wrote, 1964's A Modify Is Gonna Come
Northern Soul: Detroit and Chicago
The nigh pop fashion of soul music in the early-60s was Motown's popular soul. In 1959, man of affairs Drupe Gordy started Motown Records in the northern city of Detroit, Michigan. His songwriters and artists created the "Motown sound" and produced dozens of pop-soul hits that young Americans loved. Motown had nearly lxxx top-10 crossover hits from 1960 to 1969, and Motown'southward house band the Funk Brothers played on almost all of them. They were skilled jazz musicians who could also make great pop music. They made the rhythms on Motown songs easy for white listeners to hear and trip the light fantastic to past playing tambourine and rhythm guitar on the second and quaternary beats of each bar. They likewise had female singers like Diana Ross and The Supremes use girlie pop-music voices instead of their natural bluesy voices, as blues dandy Etta James had done on her archetype soul song I'd Rather Get Bullheaded.
Some of Motown's all-time singles include You've Really Got a Agree on Me and The Tracks of My Tears by The Miracles, Uptight (Everything's Alright) past Stevie Wonder and I Heard It Through the Grapevine by Marvin Gaye, whose 1971 anthology What's Goin' On is now regarded as one of the greatest albums in the history of popular music. Motown'due south biggest striking was I'll Be There by The Jackson 5, featuring eleven-yr-old Michael Jackson on lead vocals. With his amazing talent, young Michael could sing in any way including archetype soul, as in the song Who's Loving You.
A very different style of soul adult in Chicago, Illinois. Curtis Mayfield and his group The Impressions had been recording for Vee-Jay Records since 1956, but in the early-60s Curtis became involved in the civil rights movement. He began writing powerful songs about the problems African Americans were facing, such equally poverty, racism and injustice. These songs included Keep on Pushing, We're a Winner and his biggest striking People Get Ready, now regarded as one of greatest songs ever written. In 1970 Curtis began his own record characterization, Curtom Records, and released a serial of classic soul albums including his soundtrack album for the film Superfly.
Southern Soul: Memphis
The two main styles of soul music that developed in the South were a powerful, dynamic style called "deep soul" and a smooth, beautifully-produced style chosen "Memphis soul". Both styles developed in Memphis, Tennessee, with Stax Records producing deep soul and Hi Records producing Memphis soul. Stax produced records with driving R&B rhythms played by their mixed-race house ring Booker T. & the M.G.'s and funky contumely riffs played past their horn section The Mar-Keys. As well as recording their own hits like the classic R&B instrumental Greenish Onions, the house band played on dozens of deep-soul hits like Wilson Pickett'south In the Midnight 60 minutes and Sam and Dave'due south Soul Man and Hold On, I'm Comin'.
Booker T. & the M.Thou.'southward also played on the records of Otis Redding, Stax's biggest star. Otis had a strong voice that was perfect for up-tempo soul, but he could too use a softer vox in romantic soul ballads. His dynamic performances on the Stax European bout and at the Monterey Popular Festival in 1967 made him a huge star worldwide with hits like I've Been Loving You Too Long and Respect. His greatest song was his concluding recording (Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay. Similar Sam Cooke three years earlier, Otis never saw the release of his greatest song. He died in a plane crash in December 1967, but 3 weeks earlier its release. His expiry shocked the globe, merely Stax survived and artists similar Isaac Hayes and The Staple Sisters connected to release classic soul records.
The Memphis soul produced at Hi Records was some of the most beautiful soul music always fabricated. Business firm ring the Hi Rhythm Section provided a solid beat and a funky experience to which house producer Willie Mitchell added strings, horns and bankroll singers to create a rich soul sound. Hi Record'southward biggest star Al Green had many crossover hits in the early 70s including Let's Stay Together and Call Me. He besides recorded the gospel-soul classics Take Me To The River and Dear and Happiness.
Other soul artists from the S include Aretha Franklin, who brought female gospel styles to soul music in the mid-60s, and Percy Sledge, whose 1966 single When a Man Loves a Adult female became one of soul's biggest-selling records. Both these artists, as well as many others, recorded some of their best music with a group of soulful white session musicians chosen the Swampers at FAME Studios in Muscle Shoals, Alabama.
Video: Percy Sledge performing his 1966 classic When a Human Loves a Woman, one of the acknowledged soul singles of all time
Soul Music'southward Influence
Soul music of the 60s and 70s led to many other genres, including funk and hip hop. Funk music began when singers like James Dark-brown began using soul's rhythmic grooves to make trip the light fantastic music, and hip hop began when DJs started rapping over these rhythmic grooves. Merely soul music itself didn't die out. British singers like George Michael and Sade had some of the biggest soul hits of all time in the 80s, as did Michael Jackson and Prince with their heady new styles of popular soul and funk. Only by this time both soul and funk were being marketed nether the new term "R&B".
In the late 80s singers like Luther Vandross, Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey and Mary J. Blige were producing a style of smooth, commercial soul called contemporary R&B. But many younger artists preferred the raw sounds of 60s and 70s soul and funk. They also loved the urban beats of hip hop, and by mixing these elements they created a new manner in the 90s called neo soul. Acknowledged neo-soul albums include Me'Beat out NdegéOcello's Plantation Lullabies, Maxwell's Urban Hang Suite, D'Angelo's Brown Carbohydrate, and Lauryn Hill's 1998 masterpiece The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill.
New Styles of the 21st Century
Neo soul and the smoother sounds of contemporary R&B continued into the 21st century, but they were presently joined by two new styles; "retro soul" and "alternative R&B". Retro soul became popular later on British jazz singer Amy Winehouse recreated the sounds of 60s soul on her Grammy-winning 2006 album Dorsum to Black. Her success led to the ascension of other retro-soul singers like Sharon Jones, Charles Bradley, Leon Bridges and Michael Kiwanuka.
Alternative R&B, on the other hand, began around 2010 when immature artists like Abel Tesfaye (a.grand.a. The Weeknd) and Frank Ocean started using both electronic and audio-visual instruments to create moody beats over which they sang haunting songs nearly depression, addiction, heartbreak and other difficult topics. Since and so the label has been applied to many non-mainstream styles from the futuristic R&B of Kelela and Janelle Monáe to Sampha and Blood Orange's lyricism and Kittenish Gambino's retro-funk. At the aforementioned time more mainstream gimmicky R&B artists such every bit Maxwell, SZA, Solange, Beyoncé and Miguel have also been keeping soul music'south legacy alive and well.
Video: Australian alternative R&B artist Mojo Juju'due south Native Tongue from the 2018 album of the same name
Styles, artists and recommended albums
- Gospel to Soul: Sam Cooke - Dark Beat, Portrait of a Fable, Aretha Franklin - Lady Soul, Amazing Grace
- R&B to Soul: Ray Charles - The Birth of Soul, James Chocolate-brown - Live at the Apollo, Nina Simone - Sings the Blues
- Memphis Soul: Otis Redding - Otis Blue, Isaac Hayes - Ultimate: Tin can You Dig It? Al Dark-green - Let's Stay Together
- Chicago Soul: The Impressions - Anthology 1961-1977, Curtis Mayfield - Super Fly, Donny Hathaway - Live
- Motown: The Temptations - Psychedelic Soul, Marvin Gaye - What's Going On, Stevie Wonder - Innervisions
- UK Popular Soul: David Bowie - Young Americans, George Michael - Organized religion, Sade - Diamond Life, Love Deluxe
- US Pop R&B: Michael Jackson - Off The Wall, Thriller, Prince - 1999, Janet Jackson - Rhythm Nation
- Neo Soul: D'Angelo - Voodoo, Lauryn Colina - The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill, Erykah Badu - Mama'due south Gun
- Retro Soul: Amy Winehouse - Back to Black, Leon Bridges - Coming Dwelling house, Michael Kiwanuka - Honey & Hate
- Alternative R&B: The Weeknd - Trilogy, Frank Ocean - Aqueduct Orangish, Kelela - Take Me Apart, Blood Orange - Negro Swan
- Contemporary R&B: Maxwell - Embrya, The-Dream - Love/Hate, Miguel - State of war & Leisure, Beyoncé - Lemonade, SZA - Ctrl
bankroll singer (as well "backup singer" [Nth Am. English] and "bankroll vocalist") (substantive): a vocalist who gives vocal support to a lead singer - Tessa was one of Joe Cocker's backing singers.
bar (noun): ane of many small sections in a piece of music that contains a fixed number of beats - Each bar in the song has four beats.
call and response (noun): two musical phrases, one of which answers the other - The call and response is earlier the last chorus.
ceremonious rights movement (noun): a demand for social justice past oppressed people - Martin Luther King led the civil rights movement in the 60s.
classic (adjective): very expert and highly-regarded for a long time - Neil loves those classic American cars of the 50s.
contemporary R&B (noun): contempo R&B that mixes soul, pop and hip hop sounds - Contemporary R&B is really popular these days.
crossover hit (noun): an R&B, soul or country song that's on the pop-music charts - We'll all be rich if we have a crossover striking.
dynamic (adjective): lively and having a lot of free energy - Apple tree Corp is one of the world's about dynamic IT companies.
groove (noun): repetitive, rhythmic blueprint played by a rhythm section - Hip-hop artists all the same utilize James Brown's grooves in their beats.
horn section (noun): a grouping of musicians playing brass instruments and saxophones - How many songs does the horn department play on?
house band (noun): a group of session musicians who work for a music company - House bands don't get famous, but singers do.
firm producer (substantive): one of a record company's full-time music producers - How many business firm producers does Sony Music have?
neo soul (substantive): a style that mixes contemporary R&B and 60s or 70s soul - Angelina played some slap-up neo soul tracks at our party.
popular soul (noun): a way of soul music with a pop-music sound - Mum'due south listening to pop soul again.
racism (substantive): the dislike or hatred of a whole race of people - Racism has ever existed in our country.
secular (describing word): not religious, or with no connection to religion - We sent our kids to a secular school, not a religious one.
session musician (noun): a musician who can be hired to play on a recording - Session musicians don't get much work these days.
soundtrack anthology (noun): an anthology containing music fabricated for a film - Has the soundtrack album been released all the same?
tambourine (noun): an instrument with metal discs that rattles when hit or shaken - Mick Jagger ofttimes plays tambourine when he sings.
the S (noun): the southeastern role of the U.s.a. - Racism has always been a scrap worse in the South.
yearn (verb): to want something very much - His yearning for a ameliorate world is expressed in his songs.
Source: https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/music-soul.htm
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